Heavy Metal Analysis of Some Branded Herbal Products Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Chinwe M. Onah; Ebuka R. Ikegbulam; Martin O. Omeje; Philip F. Uzor

doi:10.59493/advpbl/2026.1.2

Authors

Chinwe M. Onah Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Ebuka R. Ikegbulam Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Martin O. Omeje
Philip F. Uzor Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59493/advpbl/2026.1.2

Keywords:

Herbal products; Heavy metals; Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy; Carcinogen

Abstract

Herbal products are preparations made from medicinal plants which contribute significantly to traditional medicine, having a long- lasting history of therapeutic application worldwide. The quality and safety of herbal products have become a significant concern, particularly regarding contamination from heavy metals. This research investigated the prevalence and concentration of heavy metals, specifically cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and iron in selected herbal products (labeled P1- P9) using atomic absorption spectroscopy for precise quantification. The samples were prepared by treating with concentrated HNO₃and HCl. After treatment and filtration, the samples were examined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The samples were analyzed three times to ensure accuracy and precision. Statistical significance was defined as a P-value of less than 0.05. Quantitative analysis of herbal product samples selected confirmed the presence and concentrations (mg/L) of lead (0.0435 – 1.6163), cadmium (0.0060-0.1477), chromium (0.0042- 0.4317), nickel (0.0141-0.0640), and iron (0.5339-12.1509). The results showed that lead, cadmium, chromium, and iron were above permissible limits of consumption in all the samples analyzed. The result underscores the importance of quality control measures during the processing and production of these herbal products, considering the potential for long-term accumulation and synergistic toxic effects of multiple heavy metals.

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